Effectiveness Study on Online or Blended Language Learning Based on Student Achievement: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

The ubiquitous impacts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have profoundly changed education sector and marked research interest in online or blended learning can be witnessed. As a pervasive activity of paramount significance, language has aroused widespread attention. Nonetheless, few systematic reviews concerning effectiveness been published. With help CiteSpace, this study systematically investigated 103 included articles SSCI empirical studies 44 journals for purpose filling gap field, providing better understanding trends, exploring effective ways to implement courses, testifying ability CiteSpace track hotspots. findings show that on principally focus assisted tools (42.72%), instructional approaches (36.89%), specific courses (20.39%). Lack adequate cooperation among institutions dominant position English (82.52%) Despite small sample size articles, validation terms tracking trends hotspots is confirmed. However, proportion each not compatible with results comprehensive full-text analysis. This literature review also probes into various methods measure more scientifically courses. Theoretical as well practical implications future directions are clarified.